CHIN IMPLANT
Approached with care and restraint
The chin plays a foundational role in facial balance. Its position and projection influence how the nose, jawline, and lower face are perceived as a whole. Even subtle differences can affect overall harmony.
Our approach to chin implant surgery is not about creating a stronger or more aggressive profile. It is about rebalancing proportions so the chin supports the rest of the face quietly, thoughtfully, conservatively, and with long-term outcomes in mind.
Who may consider chin rebalancing surgery?
This procedure may be appropriate for individuals who:
Feel the chin sits behind the rest of the facial profile
Notice the imbalance between the chin, nose, and jawline
Are concerned about facial proportions from the side
Are seeking subtle structural support rather than dramatic change
Value natural-looking outcomes and restraint
Chin rebalancing surgery is not intended for those seeking exaggerated projection, sharp angles, or trend-driven facial aesthetics.
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Our surgical approach
Each chin implant plan is developed as a surgical strategy, not a standardized solution.
Careful assessment of facial proportions, bone structure, soft tissue support, and overall harmony guides every recommendation. Implant size, shape, and placement are selected conservatively to enhance balance without drawing attention to the chin itself.
In some cases, alternative or adjunctive approaches may be discussed. Overcorrection is intentionally avoided.
What this procedure may address
Chin rebalancing surgery may help address:
A recessed or under-projected chin
Disproportion between the chin and other facial features
Profile imbalance
Lack of lower facial support
Every surgical plan is individualized and based on anatomy rather than aesthetic trends.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Not every “weak chin” is a chin problem
Patients often describe their concern as a weak or recessed chin. In many cases, however, the visible imbalance involves more than the chin alone.
The lower face functions as a connected unit. The chin, jawline, and neck influence one another structurally and visually. Correcting the wrong component can lead to results that feel incomplete or unnatural.
Dr. Smith evaluates the entire lower third of the face before recommending chin augmentation.
The chin: projection and central balance
The chin contributes to:
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Side profile projection
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Lower lip support
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The transition between face and neck
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Central facial symmetry
When true chin deficiency is present, carefully selected augmentation can restore proportion and improve profile harmony.
However, projection alone does not correct all lower face concerns.
The jawline: width and lateral definition
Some patients describe a weak chin when the issue is actually jawline width or definition.
Jaw-related imbalance may involve:
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Narrow lower facial width
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Poor lateral contour
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Loss of definition along the mandibular border
In these cases, increasing chin projection without addressing jaw proportions can exaggerate imbalance rather than correct it.
The neck: soft tissue and contour
The neck plays a significant role in how the chin appears.
Factors such as:
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Submental fullness
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Skin laxity
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Platysmal banding
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Soft tissue descent
can create the illusion of a recessed chin even when projection is adequate.
Adding a chin implant without addressing neck contour may not produce meaningful improvement.
The chin–neck angle
One of the most important measurements in lower face assessment is the chin–neck angle.
A well-defined transition between chin and neck contributes significantly to a balanced profile. Improvement may require:
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Chin augmentation
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Neck contouring
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Or a combination of both
The appropriate plan depends on anatomy, not preference alone.
Why diagnosing correctly matters
Treating the wrong structure can result in:
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Over-projection of the chin
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Persistent neck fullness
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Imbalance between central and lateral facial features
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Dissatisfaction despite technically successful surgery
Careful evaluation ensures that intervention addresses the true source of imbalance.
A comprehensive lower face evaluation
During consultation, Dr. Smith evaluates:
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Profile alignment
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Lower facial width
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Chin height and projection
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Jawline definition
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Neck contour and soft tissue support
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Lip position relative to the chin
This structural analysis guides decision-making.
Final perspective
Lower face harmony is not created by adding projection alone.
By distinguishing between chin deficiency, jawline imbalance, and neck contour issues, Dr. Smith develops surgical plans that restore balance across the entire lower face.
The goal is not a stronger chin, it is a more harmonious facial profile that feels integrated and natural.
A private consultation provides the opportunity to assess your lower face comprehensively and determine which structure, if any, requires correction.
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The profile is a relationship, not a single feature
When patients are concerned about their side profile, the nose is often the first feature they focus on. However, the appearance of the nose cannot be evaluated in isolation. The chin plays an equally important role in determining profile balance.
A nose that appears prominent may not be excessively large. A chin that appears small may not be dramatically recessed. Often, the relationship between the two creates an imbalance.
Dr. Smith evaluates the nose and chin together when assessing profile concerns.
How the chin influences nasal appearance
The projection of the chin affects how large or small the nose appears in profile.
When the chin is under-projected:
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The nose can appear more prominent
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The profile may lack definition
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The lower third of the face may appear shortened
In some cases, improving chin projection creates better balance without altering the nose at all.
When rhinoplasty alone may not create harmony
Rhinoplasty reshapes the nose but does not change the position of the chin.
If a chin deficiency is present and not addressed:
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The profile may remain imbalanced
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The nose may still appear prominent relative to the chin
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Patients may feel that something is still “off” despite a technically successful surgery
Careful analysis helps prevent under-correction or over-reduction of the nose.
When chin augmentation alone may be sufficient
In certain patients, the primary issue is insufficient chin projection rather than nasal size.
Thoughtful chin augmentation may:
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Improve profile definition
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Reduce the perceived prominence of the nose
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Enhance the lower face proportion
This approach can achieve meaningful change with less surgical alteration.
When combined surgery is appropriate
Some patients benefit from both rhinoplasty and chin augmentation.
Combined planning may be appropriate when:
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The nose and chin are both contributing to the imbalance
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Profile projection is inconsistent across facial thirds
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A coordinated approach will produce greater harmony
When performed together, these procedures are planned as a single structural strategy rather than two independent operations.
Front view considerations
While profile balance is important, the front view must be considered as well.
Chin width, nasal width, and overall facial proportions influence how changes will appear from multiple angles. Over-emphasizing the profile alone can create an imbalance when viewed from the front.
Comprehensive planning ensures harmony in both dimensions.
A philosophy of proportion
The goal is not a smaller nose or a stronger chin.
The goal is proportional balance between the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the face.
By carefully evaluating the chin–nose relationship, Dr. Smith avoids over-correction and achieves results that feel integrated, natural, and durable over time.
A private consultation provides the opportunity to assess profile harmony comprehensively and determine whether rhinoplasty, chin augmentation, or a combined approach is most appropriate.
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Not all chin enhancement is the same
Patients seeking improvement in chin projection are often presented with two options: injectable filler or a surgical implant. While both can alter appearance, they function differently.
Dr. Smith evaluates lower facial anatomy carefully before recommending either option.
Chin filler: adding temporary volume
Dermal filler increases volume within the soft tissue.
It may:
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Create mild to moderate forward projection
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Improve subtle asymmetry
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Temporarily refine contour
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Chin filler can be reversed if needed
Filler does not alter bone position or provide structural support. It adds softness in front of the chin rather than changing the underlying framework.
Limitations of fillers in the chin
While filler can be appropriate in select cases, it has important limitations:
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It cannot significantly correct true skeletal deficiency
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Larger volumes may widen or soften the chin shape
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Repeated treatments can stretch tissue over time
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Results are temporary and require maintenance
In patients with moderate-to-severe chin retrusion, filler may provide only partial or short-lived improvement.
Chin implants: structural correction
A chin implant enhances projection by augmenting the underlying framework.
This approach:
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Improves skeletal projection
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Creates a clearer definition at the chin–neck angle
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Supports soft tissue rather than expanding it
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Provides a stable, long-term result
Implants are selected and positioned to complement the patient’s proportions rather than simply increasing size.
Structural support vs soft expansion
The fundamental difference is structural.
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Filler expands soft tissue.
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An implant reinforces the underlying architecture.
When true skeletal deficiency exists, structural reinforcement typically produces more balanced and durable results.
When filler may be appropriate
Filler may be considered when:
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Chin deficiency is mild
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The patient prefers a temporary trial
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Minor contour refinement is desired
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Surgical intervention is not yet appropriate
In these cases, conservative use of filler can provide subtle improvement.
When an implant may be more appropriate
Chin implants are often better suited when:
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There is moderate to significant chin retrusion
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The chin–neck angle lacks definition
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Long-term stability is desired
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Repeated filler would require excessive volume
Choosing implant augmentation in appropriate cases reduces the need for ongoing maintenance and minimizes soft tissue distortion.
Long-term considerations
Repeated filler treatments can gradually alter soft tissue behavior and contour. Over time, excessive volume may create heaviness or irregular shape.
Implants, when properly selected and placed, provide consistent structural support without the need for routine reinjection.
Long-term planning is part of responsible lower face enhancement.
A philosophy of restraint and proportion
Dr. Smith does not view fillers and implants as completely interchangeable tools. Each serves a distinct purpose.
The goal is not simply to project the chin forward, but to restore balanced lower facial proportions that integrate naturally with the nose, lips, jawline, and neck.
A private consultation provides the opportunity to determine whether temporary volumetric enhancement or structural augmentation is more appropriate for your anatomy and long-term goals.
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Consultation and Preparing for Surgery
During your consultation be prepared to discuss:
Your surgical goals
Medical conditions, drug allergies, and medical treatments
Current medications, vitamins, herbal supplements, alcohol, tobacco, and drug use
Previous surgeries
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Dr. Smith may also:
Evaluate your general health status and any pre-existing health conditions or risk factors
Discuss your facelift options
Examine and measure your face
Take photographs
Recommend a course of treatment
Discuss likely outcomes of a facelift and any risks or potential complications
Discuss the type of anesthesia that will be used
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Prior to surgery, you may be asked to:
Get lab testing or a medical evaluation
Take certain medications or adjust your current medications
Stop smoking
Avoid taking aspirin, anti-inflammatory drugs, and herbal supplements as they can increase bleeding
Special instructions you receive will cover:
What to do on the night before and morning of surgery
The use of anesthesia during your facelift
Post-operative care and follow-up
A chin implant may be performed in an accredited office-based surgical facility, licensed ambulatory surgical center, or a hospital. Be sure to arrange for someone to drive you to and from surgery and to stay with you for at least the first night following surgery.
Be sure to ask Dr. Smith questions. It's very important to understand all aspects of your surgery. It's natural to feel some anxiety, whether it's excitement for your anticipated new look or a bit of preoperative stress. Don't be shy about discussing these feelings with Dr. Smith.
Recovery and considerations
All surgery involves healing, swelling, and temporary changes in sensation.
Incisions are placed discreetly, either inside the mouth or beneath the chin, depending on anatomy and surgical goals. Patients are guided through recovery with clear expectations, attentive follow-up, and careful support.
Recovery timelines and activity guidance are discussed in detail during consultation.
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About results
Results from chin implant surgery are intended to be subtle, balanced, and enduring.
The objective is not to make the chin noticeable, but to allow the lower face to feel complete and proportionate, often improving overall facial harmony without obvious signs of surgery.
A considered surgical experience
From consultation through recovery, care is delivered in a calm, private, and unhurried environment.
Patients are supported with honest guidance, thoughtful planning, and consistent follow-up, without pressure to proceed.
Moving forward
Choosing chin surgery is a personal and considered decision.
A private consultation provides the time and space to explore whether chin rebalancing surgery is appropriate for you, and to discuss options carefully and without obligation.
The Procedure
Step 1
Anesthesia
Medications are administered for your comfort during the surgical procedure. The choices include intravenous sedation and general anesthesia. Dr. Smith will recommend the best choice for you.
Step 2
The incision and pocket formation
The procedure is usually performed through a small incision on the inside of the mouth or along the underside of the chin. You should discuss the benefits of each type of incision with your physician. This animation demonstrates the incision beneath the chin, which is also known as a submental incision. To begin the procedure, your physician will make an incision along a pre-marked line. Then, with the aid of an electrocautery device or other surgical instruments, your physician carefully creates a pocket below the muscle layer, just above your jawbone.
Step 3
Chin implant placement
Chin implants are pliable, which allows them to be inserted through a small opening. Your physician will insert and carefully position a sterile implant, ensuring a tension-free fit inside the pocket. With the implant in place, your physician will verify that it looks natural and balanced, making any necessary adjustments.
Step 4
Closing the incision
Once satisfied, your physician will close the pocket and skin incision with sutures. Small bandages in combination with a compression bandage may be applied to provide comfort and support.
Step 5
See the results
The visible improvements of a chin implant appear as swelling and bruising subside. Your final result should provide a more balanced appearance to your face.
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Cost
Prices for chin implant procedures can vary. The cost will be based on the type of procedure required to address your specific needs. Dr. Smith does offer patient financing plans, so be sure to ask.
Cost may include:
Anesthesia fees
Hospital or surgical facility costs
Medical tests (if required)
Post-surgery garments (if required)
Surgeon's fee
Dr. Smith
Your satisfaction involves more than a fee. When choosing a plastic surgeon for Chin Implant, remember that the surgeon's experience and your comfort with him or her is just as important as the final cost of the surgery.
Plastic surgery involves many choices. The first and most important is selecting a Plastic Surgeon you can trust. Plastic Surgeons such as Dr. Smith, certified by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada meet rigorous standards:
Board certification by Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada®
Completed five years of surgical training following medical school
Pass comprehensive oral and written exams
Complete continuing medical education, including patient safety
Perform surgery in accredited hospitals and surgical facilities
Following Dr. Smith’s Plastic Surgery residency, he completed an extra year of training, completing two additional clinical Fellowships to further his expertise in the field of Plastic Surgery. Please see his biography for more details.
Do not be confused by other official sounding boards and certifications. Be sure to choose a highly trained plastic surgeon who is board-certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgeons or The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.
This procedural information is intended strictly for educational purposes. Only models are depicted in these procedural information pages. It is not intended to make any representations or warranties about the outcome of any procedure. It is not a substitute for a thorough, in-person consultation with Dr. Smith.
Results
You will notice results from facial implant procedures immediately. Swelling after the procedure may cause the skin to appear shiny at first, but it will subside within a couple of weeks, and the skin will regain its normal appearance. As the swelling subsides, the area that received the implant will soften and will look even more natural. Scars are hidden in creases or in areas where they are difficult to detect, and they will fade considerably over time, making them almost imperceptible. With chin implants, you can achieve the shape, definition, and contours of the chin area.
Although good results are expected from your procedure, there is no guarantee. In some situations, it may not be possible to achieve optimal results with a single surgical procedure and another surgery may be necessary.
Following Dr. Smith’s instructions is essential to the success of your surgery. It's important that the surgical incisions are not subjected to excessive force, swelling, abrasion, or motion during the time of healing. Dr. Smith will give you specific instructions on how to care for yourself.
CONTACT DR. SMITH
Dr. Smith is located in Ottawa's West End. Our office features ground-level entry and offers abundant parking. Over 500 free parking spots are available.
For Ottawa appointment inquiries, please use the form.
Real Stories. Real Transformations.
Rhinoplasty 5.0/5 — May 12, 2022 I highly recommend Dr. Smith for anyone considering a rhinoplasty. I am currently 8 weeks post op and I'm thrilled with my results so far. I have nothing but good things to say about Dr. Smith and his team at The Ottawa Clinic. Throughout the entire process, Dr. Smith has been compassionate, genuine and so attentive. He is very easy to talk to and listens patiently to my questions and concerns. He has always been on time, I've never felt rushed during appointments, and his Patient Care Coordinator, Sarah, is extremely pleasant to deal with. The recovery itself was relatively easy, although I was quite bruised and swollen. I experienced mild discomfort, but never felt any pain. The process was not as bad as I had anticipated - I only wish I had done it years ago!! I was looking for a very natural nose and my results are above and beyond what I had hoped for. Dr. Smith is a very skilled surgeon and I'm so thankful I found him. I can't recommend him enough!
Breast Augmentation 5.0/5 — August 18, 2025 Dr. Smith is absolutely amazing, he is the most skilled surgeon in Ottawa and along with that he also has great bedside manner. I met a few surgeons for consults before I met Dr. Smith, for my breast augmentation. None of them were as thorough, knowledgable, kind, or positive as he was. From our first consult I knew I wanted him to be my surgeon. His team is also AMAZING. They are supportive, quick to respond and they help you through the whole process, before and after. I am almost 3 months post surgery now and I couldn’t have dreamed of better results. He gave me exactly what I wanted. I can’t recommend him enough, he is the best surgeon in Ottawa hands down!!!
Upper and Lower Blepharoplasty 5.0/5 — November 22, 2024 Dr. Smith is an excellent surgeon and has a great personality. I had blepharoplasty ( upper and lower eyelid) and after couple of weeks it looked really good and even better now after two months. Dr Smith is knowledgeable and well skilled and make you at ease and answers all your questions and concerns. Him and his team ( Sarah) and others are all professional and very pleasant. I highly recommend Dr Smith for any of your plastic surgery needs. I’m planning for another procedure next year.
Deep Plane Facelift 5.0/5 — April 4, 2025 Dr. Smith is an exceptional surgeon. physician. He and his staff are professional, kind and caring. He performed a deep plane face lift for me just two weeks ago and I am already so pleased with the results. 10 out of 10 rating for Dr. Smith.
Breast Augmentation 5.0/5 — December 21, 2023 Dr. Smith is an exceptional cosmetic surgeon who has truly transformed my life through his remarkable skill and expertise. I recently underwent a breast augmentation procedure under his care, and I couldn't be more thrilled with the results. From the initial consultation to the post-operative care, Dr. Smith demonstrated the utmost professionalism and compassion. He took the time to thoroughly understand my goals and concerns, and he provided me with clear and realistic expectations for the procedure. His attention to detail and commitment to patient satisfaction were evident at every stage of the process. The surgical outcome exceeded my expectations in every way. Not only did Dr. Smith achieve beautiful, natural-looking results, but he also ensured that my safety and comfort were prioritized throughout the entire experience. His expertise and precision are truly unmatched. Furthermore, the entire staff of Dr. Smith provided outstanding support and care, making the entire experience seamless and comfortable. I felt well-informed, supported, and empowered throughout the entire journey, thanks to the exceptional team led by Dr. Smith. I wholeheartedly recommend Dr. Smith to anyone considering cosmetic surgery. His talent, integrity, and genuine concern for his patients make him a true standout in his field. I am immensely thankful for the beautiful results and the exceptional care I received, and I am confident that anyone who chooses Dr. Smith will be in the best of hands.
Abdominoplasty / Tummy Tuck 5.0/5 — October 22, 2021 I went to Dr. Sean Smith for an abdominoplasty (tummy tuck), I cannot be more thrilled with the results! From start to finish, he and his team made me feel comfortable with no pressure at all. Both the clinic and the private surgery location are clean and modern with ample free parking. About me, after the delivery of two children, I felt self-conscious of my body especially the abdominal pouch that hung over my waist. Even through eating healthy and exercising there was no way that the extra skin and sag would ever disappear naturally. I hated the way that my belly would be exposed in yoga classes to the point that I didn’t want to go the gym or even bother to exercise anymore – it felt pointless. I felt ashamed of my body and would make excuses to my kids why I didn’t want to go swimming, and felt disgusted with my appearance in photos. I would hide myself in loose-fitting baggy clothing and that made me feel even worse emotionally. Cosmetic surgery always seemed to me about the rich and famous. Something for extremely vain people, and I thought it was a waste of money. I can assure you that this is not the case. I made the decision to book a consultation with The Ottawa Clinic and it has literally changed my perspective and mental health. Dr. Smith started the conversation by assessing my expectations and assuring me that I was a good candidate for the procedure. He was kind and patient with all of my questions and concerns. Sarah, the Patient Care Coordinator, was also extremely responsive and helpful for all of the administrative details regarding my procedure. The surgery itself was done at the Gatineau location, which is an easy drive from Ottawa. I was understandably nervous, but all of the supportive personnel made me feel more relaxed. Dr. Smith was excited and enthusiastic and again made me feel at ease and comfortable with the decision to proceed. It has now been over six weeks since the surgery and I am so happy! I feel confident in my body in a way that hasn’t happened since my early 20s. I look at myself and I feel good and am excited to start a new exercise regime. I can’t wait for the summer to go swimming with my kids – and not just any bathing suit it’s a bikini! In the meantime, I’m happy walking around the house in crop tops! This surgery isn’t about vanity, it’s about your mental health and feeling good about yourself. My only regret is that I waited so long to make that call to Dr. Smith. I highly recommend his services.
Rhinoplasty 5.0/5 — April 1, 2023 In the summer of 2022 I met with Dr.Smith to inquire about rhinoplasty surgery. I was curious and equally nervous about proceeding. It was not until I met with Dr.Smith that I felt confident and safe in my decision to proceed. Dr. Smith met my questions with his own questions so that there was a complete understanding of what I wanted to achieve from this surgery and what I should expect. And he exceeded my expectations!!! In November 2022 I had my surgery. I am three months post opt and I feel INCREDIBLE! And it looks INCREDIBLE! The bridge of my nose is smooth, the tip is softer and of course my nose is smaller. And yet the change is some how subtle. Which is what I wanted . I still look like ME! This was a large concern of mine because I didn’t want to look like a different person. Or over done for that matter. The day my cast was removed I was reminded that I would not see the final results until a year but I was struck with joy when I seen my nose for the first time. There was swelling and a small scar but I could still clearly see what changes had been made and where my recovery was as headed. I am amazed. Truly a dream come true. I highly recommend Dr. Smith for any of your cosmetic needs. He is incredibly talented, professional and kind.
Mommy Makeover 5.0/5 — July 24, 2026 Choosing Dr. Sean Smith for my mommy makeover was one of the best decisions I’ve ever made. From my very first consultation, I knew I was in the right place. Dr. Smith was patient, honest, and took the time to understand exactly what I was hoping to achieve. He explained every part of the procedure thoroughly and made me feel comfortable and confident moving forward. My surgery included a tummy tuck, liposuction, and a breast lift with implants. Going into surgery, I expected the recovery to be difficult, but it turned out to be much easier than I had imagined. I experienced very little pain, had no complications whatsoever, and my healing process was smooth from beginning to end. The level of care I received before and after surgery was exceptional, and I always felt supported by Dr. Smith and his wonderful team. After losing 35 pounds, I had accomplished something I was incredibly proud of, but I still wasn’t happy with the changes my body had gone through. Dr. Smith helped me complete that journey. The results are beyond anything I had hoped for. My abdomen is beautifully contoured, my breasts look natural and balanced, and everything fits my body perfectly. What stands out most is Dr. Smith’s attention to detail. He doesn’t just perform surgery—he creates results that look elegant, natural, and personalized to each patient. His confidence, experience, and genuine care gave me complete peace of mind throughout the entire process. I am incredibly grateful to Dr. Smith and his entire team for making this such a positive experience. They exceeded my expectations in every way, and I wouldn’t hesitate to recommend them to anyone considering cosmetic surgery. If I had to make the decision again, I would choose Dr. Smith without a second thought.
Breast Augmentation 5.0/5 — April 19, 2024 I had breast augmentation with Dr. Sean Smith, and I am extremely happy with the results. After 8 weeks post-surgery, I can confidently say he is professional and his work is beyond perfect. The pain level was minimal, only 2 out of 10, and my recovery took just 5 days before I was back to work. My breasts are symmetric, and I love the stitches—no scars or pigmentation issues. I highly recommend Dr. Smith for his exceptional skills and care!
Recovery After Surgery
As with any surgical procedure, you will likely experience some pain, swelling, and bruising after surgery, which will decrease over the course of several days. If non-dissolving sutures were used for an incision beneath your chin, they will usually be removed within seven to ten days. While you may feel well enough to return to work and normal activities in approximately a week, you should avoid any strenuous physical activity for approximately three to four weeks.
You will be given specific instructions that may include how to care for the surgical site and medications to apply or take orally to aid healing and reduce the potential for infection, specific concerns to look for at the surgical site or in your general health, and when to follow up with Dr. Smith.
Be sure to ask Dr. Smith specific questions about what you can expect during your individual recovery period.
Where will I be taken after my surgery is complete?
What medication will I be given or prescribed after surgery?
Will I have dressings/bandages after surgery?
When will they be removed?
Are stitches removed? When?
When can I wear make-up?
When can I resume normal activity and exercise?
Risks and Safety
The decision to have a chin implant is extremely personal. You will have to decide if the benefits will achieve your goals, and if the risks and potential complications are acceptable. You will be asked to sign consent forms to ensure that you fully understand the procedure and any risks and potential complications.
The risks include:
Anesthesia risks
Bleeding
Infection
Poor wound healing and skin loss
Temporary or permanent hair loss at the incisions
Fluid accumulation
Numbness or other changes in skin sensation
Persistent pain
Unfavorable scarring
Prolonged swelling
Unsatisfactory results may include: asymmetry, unsatisfactory surgical scar location and unacceptable visible deformities at the ends of the incisions. (It may be necessary to perform an additional surgery to improve your results)
Deep vein thrombosis, cardiac and pulmonary complications
These risks and others will be fully discussed prior to your consent. It is important that you address all your questions directly with Dr. Smith.
